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All FAQs

What is Title IX?

General Overview

We believe that everyone within our school community has the right to receive fair and just treatment regardless of sex or gender. To support this commitment, KPSOM has established a Title IX program. Title IX is a federal law that prohibits sex- and gender-based discrimination in educational institutions and requires us to take prompt and effective steps to end incidents of sexual harassment, eliminate the hostile environment it creates, prevent recurrence of the behavior, and remedy its effects.

How does the school determine whether there has been a violation under the Sexual Misconduct policy?

General Overview

After an investigation of the alleged conduct, the matter will be referred to a hearing.

For more information, see Policy Violations.

What is an alternative resolution?

General Overview

At the request of an involved party, and with the agreement of the other parties, some conduct reported under this policy may be addressed by alternative resolution.

For more information, see Policy Violations and Resolution Processes.

What happens if there is a finding of a policy violation?

General Overview

The school reserves the right to impose any level of sanction, ranging from a reprimand up to and including suspension or dismissal/termination, for any offense under this policy.

A respondent who is found responsible for violation of this policy is subject to sanctions and remedies up to and including expulsion and permanent removal from the school based on the disciplinary codes applicable to the respondent.

  • Student as the respondent: The Academic Catalog contains the current list of potential student sanctions
  • Faculty as the respondent: The Faculty Handbook contains the current list of potential faculty sanctions
  • Staff as the respondent: The school has adopted a philosophy of progressive discipline. However, one violation of this policy could result in termination of employment.

What happens when someone reports a possible Title IX or sexual misconduct incident to the school?

Reporting

Following receipt by the Title IX Coordinator of a complaint or notice of an alleged violation of the policy, the Title IX Coordinator will meet with the complainant to discuss the complaint and discuss potential supportive measures, if applicable.

How do I make a formal report of sexual misconduct under the policy?

Reporting

The school will accept a notice or complaint of a violation of this policy verbally, online, by email, or a report using the Ethics and Compliance Hotline. For details, see Report a Concern.

Does reporting to the school initiate a criminal or legal process?

Reporting

No. Complainants may choose to report to the school, make a police report, or both, or neither. A Title IX investigation at the school is separate from any criminal or legal process.

What if I do not want to proceed with a formal complaint, or I want to withdraw a complaint?

Reporting

The Title IX Coordinator will consider the complainant’s request not to proceed, bearing in mind the responsibility to ensure the safety of the campus and comply with state and federal law.

In certain circumstances, the Title IX Coordinator will proceed with a formal complaint of prohibited conduct even if a complainant does not wish for their name to be shared, does not wish for an investigation to take place, or does not want to pursue a formal complaint.

The Title IX Coordinator has ultimate discretion over whether the school proceeds with a complaint even if the complainant does not wish to move forward.

My friend told me they were assaulted. What can I do to help?

Reporting

Be supportive. Listen to what your friend has to say, then encourage them to report the incident to the police or the Title IX Coordinator. You may also suggest that they contact Student Psychological Services. Also, consider reporting the incident yourself.

What if I want to resolve a matter without a formal grievance process?

Reporting

This depends on the type of prohibited conduct.

For more information, see Policy Violations and Resolution Processes.

Who will be informed about the report that I make to school?

Confidentiality and Privacy

In accordance with federal law and school policy, information will only be shared with those with a legitimate need to know. This means that the individuals usually informed about complaints and any associated investigations are those involved in the investigation and possible adjudication processes.

What if I want my complaint to remain confidential?

Confidentiality and Privacy

Your privacy is a priority to the school. However, limited information sometimes must be disclosed in order to fully investigate a complaint. If you are concerned about confidentiality, please discuss this with the Title IX Coordinator.

Do I need to bring anything with me to meet with the Title IX Coordinator or investigators?

Investigations

You do not need to bring anything with you to meet with the Title IX Coordinator or investigators unless you have information that you would like to share with them, such as text messages, photos, or other digital or physical documentation.

Any information or documentation you share will be provided to the other party (complainant or respondent) later in the process during the information review period. You may bring a list of witnesses with whom you would like the investigators to meet. You are welcome to bring an advisor of your choice with you.

What should I expect during my meeting with the investigators?

Investigations

The investigators will ask you questions and take notes. The questions are voluntary and you may decline to answer. The investigators will ask you about what happened and allow you the opportunity to share as much or as little as you like. The investigators will ask if there are any potential witnesses with whom you would like the investigators to meet as part of their investigation. The investigators will also ask for any potential information or documentation (texts, screenshots, emails, photos, or other) that may help them better understand the incident(s) in question. The investigators will end the meeting by asking you if there is anything you would like to share, including documentation or other information you would like them to consider. If there is information you want the investigators to have, and that they did not ask about specifically, you are encouraged to share that information.

You have the right to have an advisor of your choice present during all meetings that you participate in during the process.

What is the investigation process?

Investigations

All investigations will be conducted in a thorough, reliable, impartial, prompt, and fair manner. Investigations involve interviews with all relevant parties and witnesses; obtaining available, relevant evidence; and identifying sources of expert information, as necessary.

All parties will be granted a full and fair opportunity, through the investigation process, to suggest witnesses and questions, to provide evidence and expert witnesses, and to review and respond to all evidence on the record.

Each interviewed party and witness will have the opportunity to review and verify the investigator’s summary notes (or transcript) of the relevant evidence and testimony from their respective interviews and meetings.

For a full description of the process, investigator duties and obligations, and the role and participation of witnesses in the investigation, see Investigations.

What happens if I no longer want to participate in an investigation?

Investigations

While the school does not compel complainants, respondents, or witnesses to participate in investigations or hearings, the parties should be aware that participating in the fact-finding process is almost always a crucial component of the school’s ability to fully gather and analyze information.

The complainant may work with the Title IX Coordinator to withdraw their formal complaint. The complainant is not required to participate in this investigation or in any subsequent actions taken by the school.

In all cases, the final decision on whether, how, and to what extent the school will conduct an investigation or proceed to hearing, and whether other measures will be taken in connection with a report of prohibited conduct, rests solely with the Title IX Coordinator.

The Title IX Coordinator may determine if the complainant’s lack of participation requires that the decision-making process be discontinued.

In those instances when the Title IX Coordinator determines that the school must proceed with an investigation and hearing process despite the wishes of the complainant, the Title IX Coordinator will notify the complainant that the school intends to initiate an investigation.

What should I expect in a hearing?

Hearings

The process for a hearing will be based on the type of prohibited conduct as defined by the policy.

For more information, see Policy Violations.

What is a hearing officer?

Hearings

The hearing officer is the decision-maker who determines the outcome of the hearing. The hearing officer will oversee the hearing with the support of the administrative facilitator.

For more information, see Hearings.

Do I have a right to an advisor during the hearing proceedings?

Hearings

The parties may each have an advisor present with them for all meetings and interviews within the resolution process if the party so chooses. The parties may select an advisor of their choice, provided the selected advisor is willing, eligible, and available.

For more information, see Advisors.

Can I appeal a finding from a hearing?

Appeals

After a hearing has been convened, and within five business days of receiving the hearing outcome, the parties will have an opportunity to submit a written appeal outlining why they believe one or more of the criteria for appeal exists in their case.

For more information, see Appeals.

How does the appeal process work?

Appeals

Either party, respondent or complainant, may request an appeal.

The appeal process will be determined on the findings of Tier I or Tier II violations. The appeal panel will decide the appeal.

For more information, such as grounds and time limits for an appeal, see Appeals.

What is the status of sanctions during the appeal process?

Appeals

Any sanctions imposed as a result of the hearing stay during the appeal process. Supportive measures may be reinstated, as warranted.

Why am I being asked to meet with investigators?

Witnesses

The school is following up on a reported concern and believes you may have relevant information.

When the investigators identify someone as a witness, it is typically because they believe that person may have relevant information, not because that person is under investigation.

What are my rights if I am a party to a resolution process?

Rights of Parties

Both the complainant and respondent are entitled to certain rights concerning privacy and other matters.

For more information, see Rights of Parties.

What if I need an accommodation to participate in the resolution process?

Rights of Parties

In accordance with the policy and school processes, reasonable accommodations and support will be provided to qualified students, staff, faculty, or others with disabilities to ensure equal access to the school’s resolution process. Please contact the Title IX Coordinator regarding your accommodation requirements.

Are parties involved in a sexual misconduct matter entitled to supportive measures?

Rights of Parties

Supportive measures are available regardless of whether the complainant chooses to report full details (such as the name of the respondent) to the school.

For more information, see Supportive Measures.

General overview

What is Title IX?

We believe that everyone within our school community has the right to receive fair and just treatment regardless of sex or gender. To support this commitment, KPSOM has established a Title IX program. Title IX is a federal law that prohibits sex- and gender-based discrimination in educational institutions and requires us to take prompt and effective steps to end incidents of sexual harassment, eliminate the hostile environment it creates, prevent recurrence of the behavior, and remedy its effects.

How does the school determine whether there has been a violation under the Sexual Misconduct policy?

After an investigation of the alleged conduct, the matter will be referred to a hearing.

For more information, see Policy Violations.

What is an alternative resolution?

At the request of an involved party, and with the agreement of the other parties, some conduct reported under this policy may be addressed by alternative resolution.

For more information, see Policy Violations and Resolution Processes.

What happens if there is a finding of a policy violation?

The school reserves the right to impose any level of sanction, ranging from a reprimand up to and including suspension or dismissal/termination, for any offense under this policy.

A respondent who is found responsible for violation of this policy is subject to sanctions and remedies up to and including expulsion and permanent removal from the school based on the disciplinary codes applicable to the respondent.

  • Student as the respondent: The Academic Catalog contains the current list of potential student sanctions
  • Faculty as the respondent: The Faculty Handbook contains the current list of potential faculty sanctions
  • Staff as the respondent: The school has adopted a philosophy of progressive discipline. However, one violation of this policy could result in termination of employment.
Appeals

Can I appeal a finding from a hearing?

After a hearing has been convened, and within five business days of receiving the hearing outcome, the parties will have an opportunity to submit a written appeal outlining why they believe one or more of the criteria for appeal exists in their case.

For more information, see Appeals.

How does the appeal process work?

Either party, respondent or complainant, may request an appeal.

The appeal process will be determined on the findings of Tier I or Tier II violations. The appeal panel will decide the appeal.

For more information, such as grounds and time limits for an appeal, see Appeals.

What is the status of sanctions during the appeal process?

Any sanctions imposed as a result of the hearing stay during the appeal process. Supportive measures may be reinstated, as warranted.

Learn More About Appeals
Confidentiality and privacy

Who will be informed about the report that I make to school?

In accordance with federal law and school policy, information will only be shared with those with a legitimate need to know. This means that the individuals usually informed about complaints and any associated investigations are those involved in the investigation and possible adjudication processes.

What if I want my complaint to remain confidential?

Your privacy is a priority to the school. However, limited information sometimes must be disclosed in order to fully investigate a complaint. If you are concerned about confidentiality, please discuss this with the Title IX Coordinator.

Hearings

What should I expect in a hearing?

The process for a hearing will be based on the type of prohibited conduct as defined by the policy.

For more information, see Policy Violations.

What is a hearing officer?

The hearing officer is the decision-maker who determines the outcome of the hearing. The hearing officer will oversee the hearing with the support of the administrative facilitator.

For more information, see Hearings.

Do I have a right to an advisor during the hearing proceedings?

The parties may each have an advisor present with them for all meetings and interviews within the resolution process if the party so chooses. The parties may select an advisor of their choice, provided the selected advisor is willing, eligible, and available.

For more information, see Advisors.

Learn More About Hearings
Investigations

Do I need to bring anything with me to meet with the Title IX Coordinator or investigators?

You do not need to bring anything with you to meet with the Title IX Coordinator or investigators unless you have information that you would like to share with them, such as text messages, photos, or other digital or physical documentation.

Any information or documentation you share will be provided to the other party (complainant or respondent) later in the process during the information review period. You may bring a list of witnesses with whom you would like the investigators to meet. You are welcome to bring an advisor of your choice with you.

What should I expect during my meeting with the investigators?

The investigators will ask you questions and take notes. The questions are voluntary and you may decline to answer. The investigators will ask you about what happened and allow you the opportunity to share as much or as little as you like. The investigators will ask if there are any potential witnesses with whom you would like the investigators to meet as part of their investigation. The investigators will also ask for any potential information or documentation (texts, screenshots, emails, photos, or other) that may help them better understand the incident(s) in question. The investigators will end the meeting by asking you if there is anything you would like to share, including documentation or other information you would like them to consider. If there is information you want the investigators to have, and that they did not ask about specifically, you are encouraged to share that information.

You have the right to have an advisor of your choice present during all meetings that you participate in during the process.

What is the investigation process?

All investigations will be conducted in a thorough, reliable, impartial, prompt, and fair manner. Investigations involve interviews with all relevant parties and witnesses; obtaining available, relevant evidence; and identifying sources of expert information, as necessary.

All parties will be granted a full and fair opportunity, through the investigation process, to suggest witnesses and questions, to provide evidence and expert witnesses, and to review and respond to all evidence on the record.

Each interviewed party and witness will have the opportunity to review and verify the investigator’s summary notes (or transcript) of the relevant evidence and testimony from their respective interviews and meetings.

For a full description of the process, investigator duties and obligations, and the role and participation of witnesses in the investigation, see Investigations.

What happens if I no longer want to participate in an investigation?

While the school does not compel complainants, respondents, or witnesses to participate in investigations or hearings, the parties should be aware that participating in the fact-finding process is almost always a crucial component of the school’s ability to fully gather and analyze information.

The complainant may work with the Title IX Coordinator to withdraw their formal complaint. The complainant is not required to participate in this investigation or in any subsequent actions taken by the school.

In all cases, the final decision on whether, how, and to what extent the school will conduct an investigation or proceed to hearing, and whether other measures will be taken in connection with a report of prohibited conduct, rests solely with the Title IX Coordinator.

The Title IX Coordinator may determine if the complainant’s lack of participation requires that the decision-making process be discontinued.

In those instances when the Title IX Coordinator determines that the school must proceed with an investigation and hearing process despite the wishes of the complainant, the Title IX Coordinator will notify the complainant that the school intends to initiate an investigation.

Reporting

What happens when someone reports a possible Title IX or sexual misconduct incident to the school?

Following receipt by the Title IX Coordinator of a complaint or notice of an alleged violation of the policy, the Title IX Coordinator will meet with the complainant to discuss the complaint and discuss potential supportive measures, if applicable.

How do I make a formal report of sexual misconduct under the policy?

The school will accept a notice or complaint of a violation of this policy verbally, online, by email, or a report using the Ethics and Compliance Hotline. For details, see Report a Concern.

Does reporting to the school initiate a criminal or legal process?

No. Complainants may choose to report to the school, make a police report, or both, or neither. A Title IX investigation at the school is separate from any criminal or legal process.

What if I do not want to proceed with a formal complaint, or I want to withdraw a complaint?

The Title IX Coordinator will consider the complainant’s request not to proceed, bearing in mind the responsibility to ensure the safety of the campus and comply with state and federal law.

In certain circumstances, the Title IX Coordinator will proceed with a formal complaint of prohibited conduct even if a complainant does not wish for their name to be shared, does not wish for an investigation to take place, or does not want to pursue a formal complaint.

The Title IX Coordinator has ultimate discretion over whether the school proceeds with a complaint even if the complainant does not wish to move forward.

My friend told me they were assaulted. What can I do to help?

Be supportive. Listen to what your friend has to say, then encourage them to report the incident to the police or the Title IX Coordinator. You may also suggest that they contact Student Psychological Services. Also, consider reporting the incident yourself.

What if I want to resolve a matter without a formal grievance process?

This depends on the type of prohibited conduct.

For more information, see Policy Violations and Resolution Processes.

Rights of parties

What are my rights if I am a party to a resolution process?

Both the complainant and respondent are entitled to certain rights concerning privacy and other matters.

For more information, see Rights of Parties.

What if I need an accommodation to participate in the resolution process?

In accordance with the policy and school processes, reasonable accommodations and support will be provided to qualified students, staff, faculty, or others with disabilities to ensure equal access to the school’s resolution process. Please contact the Title IX Coordinator regarding your accommodation requirements.

Are parties involved in a sexual misconduct matter entitled to supportive measures?

Supportive measures are available regardless of whether the complainant chooses to report full details (such as the name of the respondent) to the school.

For more information, see Supportive Measures.

Learn More About Rights of Parties
Witnesses

Why am I being asked to meet with investigators?

The school is following up on a reported concern and believes you may have relevant information.

When the investigators identify someone as a witness, it is typically because they believe that person may have relevant information, not because that person is under investigation.

All FAQs

What is Title IX?

General Overview

We believe that everyone within our school community has the right to receive fair and just treatment regardless of sex or gender. To support this commitment, KPSOM has established a Title IX program. Title IX is a federal law that prohibits sex- and gender-based discrimination in educational institutions and requires us to take prompt and effective steps to end incidents of sexual harassment, eliminate the hostile environment it creates, prevent recurrence of the behavior, and remedy its effects.

How does the school determine whether there has been a violation under the Sexual Misconduct policy?

General Overview

After an investigation of the alleged conduct, the matter will be referred to a hearing.

For more information, see Policy Violations.

What is an alternative resolution?

General Overview

At the request of an involved party, and with the agreement of the other parties, some conduct reported under this policy may be addressed by alternative resolution.

For more information, see Policy Violations and Resolution Processes.

What happens if there is a finding of a policy violation?

General Overview

The school reserves the right to impose any level of sanction, ranging from a reprimand up to and including suspension or dismissal/termination, for any offense under this policy.

A respondent who is found responsible for violation of this policy is subject to sanctions and remedies up to and including expulsion and permanent removal from the school based on the disciplinary codes applicable to the respondent.

  • Student as the respondent: The Academic Catalog contains the current list of potential student sanctions
  • Faculty as the respondent: The Faculty Handbook contains the current list of potential faculty sanctions
  • Staff as the respondent: The school has adopted a philosophy of progressive discipline. However, one violation of this policy could result in termination of employment.

What happens when someone reports a possible Title IX or sexual misconduct incident to the school?

Reporting

Following receipt by the Title IX Coordinator of a complaint or notice of an alleged violation of the policy, the Title IX Coordinator will meet with the complainant to discuss the complaint and discuss potential supportive measures, if applicable.

How do I make a formal report of sexual misconduct under the policy?

Reporting

The school will accept a notice or complaint of a violation of this policy verbally, online, by email, or a report using the Ethics and Compliance Hotline. For details, see Report a Concern.

Does reporting to the school initiate a criminal or legal process?

Reporting

No. Complainants may choose to report to the school, make a police report, or both, or neither. A Title IX investigation at the school is separate from any criminal or legal process.

What if I do not want to proceed with a formal complaint, or I want to withdraw a complaint?

Reporting

The Title IX Coordinator will consider the complainant’s request not to proceed, bearing in mind the responsibility to ensure the safety of the campus and comply with state and federal law.

In certain circumstances, the Title IX Coordinator will proceed with a formal complaint of prohibited conduct even if a complainant does not wish for their name to be shared, does not wish for an investigation to take place, or does not want to pursue a formal complaint.

The Title IX Coordinator has ultimate discretion over whether the school proceeds with a complaint even if the complainant does not wish to move forward.

My friend told me they were assaulted. What can I do to help?

Reporting

Be supportive. Listen to what your friend has to say, then encourage them to report the incident to the police or the Title IX Coordinator. You may also suggest that they contact Student Psychological Services. Also, consider reporting the incident yourself.

What if I want to resolve a matter without a formal grievance process?

Reporting

This depends on the type of prohibited conduct.

For more information, see Policy Violations and Resolution Processes.

Who will be informed about the report that I make to school?

Confidentiality and Privacy

In accordance with federal law and school policy, information will only be shared with those with a legitimate need to know. This means that the individuals usually informed about complaints and any associated investigations are those involved in the investigation and possible adjudication processes.

What if I want my complaint to remain confidential?

Confidentiality and Privacy

Your privacy is a priority to the school. However, limited information sometimes must be disclosed in order to fully investigate a complaint. If you are concerned about confidentiality, please discuss this with the Title IX Coordinator.

Do I need to bring anything with me to meet with the Title IX Coordinator or investigators?

Investigations

You do not need to bring anything with you to meet with the Title IX Coordinator or investigators unless you have information that you would like to share with them, such as text messages, photos, or other digital or physical documentation.

Any information or documentation you share will be provided to the other party (complainant or respondent) later in the process during the information review period. You may bring a list of witnesses with whom you would like the investigators to meet. You are welcome to bring an advisor of your choice with you.

What should I expect during my meeting with the investigators?

Investigations

The investigators will ask you questions and take notes. The questions are voluntary and you may decline to answer. The investigators will ask you about what happened and allow you the opportunity to share as much or as little as you like. The investigators will ask if there are any potential witnesses with whom you would like the investigators to meet as part of their investigation. The investigators will also ask for any potential information or documentation (texts, screenshots, emails, photos, or other) that may help them better understand the incident(s) in question. The investigators will end the meeting by asking you if there is anything you would like to share, including documentation or other information you would like them to consider. If there is information you want the investigators to have, and that they did not ask about specifically, you are encouraged to share that information.

You have the right to have an advisor of your choice present during all meetings that you participate in during the process.

What is the investigation process?

Investigations

All investigations will be conducted in a thorough, reliable, impartial, prompt, and fair manner. Investigations involve interviews with all relevant parties and witnesses; obtaining available, relevant evidence; and identifying sources of expert information, as necessary.

All parties will be granted a full and fair opportunity, through the investigation process, to suggest witnesses and questions, to provide evidence and expert witnesses, and to review and respond to all evidence on the record.

Each interviewed party and witness will have the opportunity to review and verify the investigator’s summary notes (or transcript) of the relevant evidence and testimony from their respective interviews and meetings.

For a full description of the process, investigator duties and obligations, and the role and participation of witnesses in the investigation, see Investigations.

What happens if I no longer want to participate in an investigation?

Investigations

While the school does not compel complainants, respondents, or witnesses to participate in investigations or hearings, the parties should be aware that participating in the fact-finding process is almost always a crucial component of the school’s ability to fully gather and analyze information.

The complainant may work with the Title IX Coordinator to withdraw their formal complaint. The complainant is not required to participate in this investigation or in any subsequent actions taken by the school.

In all cases, the final decision on whether, how, and to what extent the school will conduct an investigation or proceed to hearing, and whether other measures will be taken in connection with a report of prohibited conduct, rests solely with the Title IX Coordinator.

The Title IX Coordinator may determine if the complainant’s lack of participation requires that the decision-making process be discontinued.

In those instances when the Title IX Coordinator determines that the school must proceed with an investigation and hearing process despite the wishes of the complainant, the Title IX Coordinator will notify the complainant that the school intends to initiate an investigation.

What should I expect in a hearing?

Hearings

The process for a hearing will be based on the type of prohibited conduct as defined by the policy.

For more information, see Policy Violations.

What is a hearing officer?

Hearings

The hearing officer is the decision-maker who determines the outcome of the hearing. The hearing officer will oversee the hearing with the support of the administrative facilitator.

For more information, see Hearings.

Do I have a right to an advisor during the hearing proceedings?

Hearings

The parties may each have an advisor present with them for all meetings and interviews within the resolution process if the party so chooses. The parties may select an advisor of their choice, provided the selected advisor is willing, eligible, and available.

For more information, see Advisors.

Can I appeal a finding from a hearing?

Appeals

After a hearing has been convened, and within five business days of receiving the hearing outcome, the parties will have an opportunity to submit a written appeal outlining why they believe one or more of the criteria for appeal exists in their case.

For more information, see Appeals.

How does the appeal process work?

Appeals

Either party, respondent or complainant, may request an appeal.

The appeal process will be determined on the findings of Tier I or Tier II violations. The appeal panel will decide the appeal.

For more information, such as grounds and time limits for an appeal, see Appeals.

What is the status of sanctions during the appeal process?

Appeals

Any sanctions imposed as a result of the hearing stay during the appeal process. Supportive measures may be reinstated, as warranted.

Why am I being asked to meet with investigators?

Witnesses

The school is following up on a reported concern and believes you may have relevant information.

When the investigators identify someone as a witness, it is typically because they believe that person may have relevant information, not because that person is under investigation.

What are my rights if I am a party to a resolution process?

Rights of Parties

Both the complainant and respondent are entitled to certain rights concerning privacy and other matters.

For more information, see Rights of Parties.

What if I need an accommodation to participate in the resolution process?

Rights of Parties

In accordance with the policy and school processes, reasonable accommodations and support will be provided to qualified students, staff, faculty, or others with disabilities to ensure equal access to the school’s resolution process. Please contact the Title IX Coordinator regarding your accommodation requirements.

Are parties involved in a sexual misconduct matter entitled to supportive measures?

Rights of Parties

Supportive measures are available regardless of whether the complainant chooses to report full details (such as the name of the respondent) to the school.

For more information, see Supportive Measures.